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Network Architecture

Network architecture refers to the design, structure, and layout of a computer network. It describes how devices (computers, servers, routers, etc.) are arranged, how they communicate, and what rules and protocols are used. It is the blueprint of how a network is built and how data flows within it.

Network architecture is the overall design and structure of a computer network, including its hardware, software, topology, communication techniques, and the roles of devices.

Components of Network Architecture

A network architecture usually defines:

  • Network Devices: routers, switches, servers, clients, etc.
  • Communication Methods: wired/wireless, protocols
  • Network Topology: how devices are physically/logically arranged
  • Role of Devices: client, server, peer
  • Types of Services: resource sharing, file sharing, printing, internet access

Types of Network Architecture

There are two primary types:

  1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture
  2. Client–Server Architecture

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture is a network model in which all computers (peers) have equal status. There is no central server, and each computer acts as both client and server, with equal roles and responsibilities. It is suitable for small setups (up to about 10 computers). P2P networks are commonly used in business, education, and military applications.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture is a network model where all computers have equal roles. Each computer can act as both client and server, sharing resources without a central server. Examples include Bluetooth file sharing and torrent networks.

Key Features
  • No dedicated server
  • All nodes (computers) share resources equally
  • Easy to set up and manage in small environments
  • Best for home or small-office networks
Examples
  • File sharing between two computers
  • Bluetooth file transfer
  • LAN sharing (printer or files)
  • Torrent networks (BitTorrent)
Advantages
  • Low cost (no need for server hardware)
  • Easy to install and configure
  • All peers can share resources directly
  • Works well for small networks
Disadvantages
  • Low security (no central authority)
  • Difficult to manage when the network grows
  • No centralized backup or monitoring
  • Performance reduces when many peers are connected

Client–Server Architecture

Client–Server architecture is a network model where multiple client devices (computers, mobiles, etc.) request services, and a central server provides those services. The server manages data, security, and resources, while clients send requests and receive responses.

Client–Server architecture is a network model where clients request services from a central server. The server manages data, resources, and security, while clients simply use them. Common examples include web servers, email servers, and database servers.

Key Features
  • Centralized control
  • One server, many clients
  • Server handles processing, storage, and management
  • Clients depend on the server for resources and services
Examples
  • Email servers (Gmail, Outlook)
  • Web servers (websites)
  • Banking servers
  • Database servers
  • College management systems
Advantages
  • Centralized management
  • High security
  • Easy backup and monitoring
  • Scalable and powerful
  • Better performance
Disadvantages
  • Expensive (needs powerful servers)
  • If server fails, entire network stops
  • Requires trained administrators

MCQ

Network Architecture

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