Types of Networks
A computer network is a system that connects multiple independent computers so they can share information (data) and resources. By linking computers and various electronic devices, users can communicate more easily and efficiently. A network is created when two or more computer systems are connected together. These connections can be made using cables or wireless technologies. Both hardware and software components are required to establish and manage any network.
Computer networks can be classified using various factors such as geographic area, ownership, architecture, topology, and transmission technology. However, in this section, we focus on the classification based on geographical area.
Classification Based on Geographical Area
This is the most common way of classifying networks below are the different types :
1. PAN (Personal Area Network)
PAN (Personal Area Network) is the smallest type of computer network used for communication between personal devices within a short range. It typically covers a range of 1 to 10 meters. PAN is designed for an individual user and connects devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, printers, and wearable gadgets.
PAN can be created using:
- Wired technologies (USB, FireWire)
- Wireless technologies (Bluetooth, Infrared)
PAN is mainly used for:
- Transferring files between mobile devices
- Connecting wireless headphones
- Syncing smartwatches with phones
- Tethering mobile internet
Advantages of PAN
- Easy to Use: PAN is simple to set up and manage because it usually involves only a few personal devices.
- Low Cost: Most PAN connections (Bluetooth, USB, Infrared) do not require expensive equipment.
- No Need for Complex Setup: PAN devices connect automatically or with minimal configuration (e.g., Bluetooth pairing).
- Supports Personal Mobility: Users can walk around while still connected (e.g., Bluetooth headset, smartwatch).
- Short-Range Security: Short range reduces the chance of unauthorized access compared to long-distance networks.
- Reduces Cable Clutter: Wireless PAN removes the need for cables between devices.
Disadvantages of PAN
- Limited Range: PAN works only within 1–10 meters; beyond that, the connection breaks.
- Lower Data Transfer Speed: PAN technologies like Bluetooth are slower than Wi-Fi and wired LAN.
- Limited Number of Devices: PAN can support only a few devices at a time (depends on technology).
- Potential Interference: Bluetooth and other wireless PAN devices may face interference from other signals.
- Security Risks: Weak passwords or open Bluetooth can be exploited for unauthorized access.
- Short Battery Life: Using Bluetooth or hotspot drains the device battery faster.
Key Points for Exam:
- Smallest network
- Covers 1–10 meters
- Used for personal devices
- Mostly wireless (Bluetooth)
- Designed for a single user
Examples:
- Bluetooth headset connected to smartphone
- Smartwatch paired with mobile
- Laptop connected to mobile hotspot
- Infrared remote control
- Infrared communication between TV and remote.
2. LAN (Local Area Network)
LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network that connects computers and devices within a small geographical area, such as a home, school, office, or building. LANs allow users to share resources like files, printers, and internet connections. It typically covers a range up to 2 km. But they offer high-speed communication, usually ranging from 100Mbps to 10Gbps.
LAN can be created using:
- Wired technologies (Ethernet cables, twisted-pair, coaxial)
- Wireless technologies (Wi-Fi)
Features of LAN
- Covers a small area (building/room/campus)
- High data transfer speed
- Low installation and maintenance cost
- Controlled by a single organization
- Can be wired or wireless
Advantages of LAN
- Resource Sharing: Printers, files, storage, internet
- High Speed: Very fast data transmission
- Low Cost: Cheaper cables and hardware
- Centralized Data: Easy backup and management
Disadvantages of LAN
- Limited Range: Works only within a small area
- Security Issues: More devices → more risk
- Setup Cost: Initial setup (cables, switches)
- Network Dependence: If LAN fails, work stops
Examples
- A school computer lab
- Office network connecting all employee computers
- Home Wi-Fi network
- Cyber café network
- Small business network with shared printers
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a type of computer network that covers a large geographical area such as a city or a group of nearby towns.It is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN and the maximum range of a MAN is usually up to 50 km.
MAN is often used by:
- Government organizations
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
- Universities
- Cable TV networks
Features of MAN
- Covers a large area (city/town)
- Connects multiple LANs
- High-speed communication (but slower than LAN)
- Often managed by ISPs or telecom companies
- Uses optical fiber cables
Advantages of MAN
- Wide Coverage: Connects users across an entire city.
- High Speed: Faster than WAN.
- Cost Effective: Shared infrastructure lowers cost.
- Improves Communication: Useful for large organizations with multiple city branches.
Disadvantages of MAN
- Expensive Setup: Fiber cables and routers cost more than LAN.
- Security Risks: More users → more vulnerabilities.
- Maintenance Complexity: Requires skilled technicians.
- Speed Depends on ISP: Not fully controlled by a single organization.
Examples
- City-wide Wi-Fi networks
- Cable TV networks in a city
- A university connecting multiple campuses in a city
- Banking networks connecting branches across the city
- Government data centers linked within a city
4. WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network) is the largest type of computer network that covers a vast geographical area, such as a country, continent, or even the entire world. It connects multiple LANs and MANs together to enable long-distance communication. The Internet is the best example of a WAN.
WANs use high-speed communication technologies such as:
- Fiber optic cables
- Satellite links
- Microwave links
- Submarine cables
WANs are generally managed by telecom companies, ISPs, and large organizations.
Features of WAN
- Covers a large geographical region
- Connects multiple LANs and MANs
- Uses high-speed long-distance technologies
- Managed by ISPs or telecom operators
- Offers global communication
Advantages of WAN
- Long-Distance Communication: Connects cities, countries, and continents.
- Resource Sharing Worldwide: Organizations can share data across offices globally.
- Centralized Data: Headquarters can manage branches from anywhere.
- Supports Business Growth: Multinational companies depend on WAN.
Disadvantages of WAN
- High Setup and Maintenance Cost: Requires costly hardware and leased communication lines.
- Slower than LAN/MAN: Long-distance data travel increases latency.
- Security Issues: More exposure = more cyber risks.
- Complex Management: Requires skilled technicians and service providers.
Examples
- The Internet (largest WAN)
- Banking networks connecting branches worldwide
- Telecommunication networks
- Corporate headquarters connected to international offices
- Defence and government communication networks
- Railways and airlines connecting nation-wide branches
Computer networks are classified based on the geographical area they cover, ranging from very small personal connections to large global systems. PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN represent the main categories, each serving a unique purpose.
- PAN connects personal devices within a short range.
- LAN links computers within a building or campus.
- MAN spans across a city or metropolitan region.
- WAN covers a country or the entire world and connects multiple LANs and MANs.
Understanding these networks helps us choose the right type of connection depending on distance, speed, cost, and usage. Together, these network types form the foundation of modern communication and the global internet.